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Collection of reminiscences by Mark Twain

The Autobiography of Mark Twain is a written collection of reminiscences, the majority of which were dictated during the last few years of the life of American author Mark Twain (–) and left in typescript and manuscript at his death.

The Autobiography comprises a collection of anecdotes and ruminations rather than a conventional autobiography. Twain never compiled the writings and dictations into a publishable form in his lifetime. Despite indications from Twain that he did not want his autobiography to be published for a century, he serialized selected chapters during his lifetime; in addition, various compilations were published during the 20th century.^[1] However, it was not until that the first volume of a comprehensive three-volume collection, compiled and edited by The Mark Twain Project of the Bancroft Library at University of California, Berkeley, was published.

Twain's writings and dictations

Twain started the composition of an autobiography in , but proceeded intermittently, abandoning the work and resuming it sporadically, accumulating a total of of these “false starts” over the subsequent 35 years.

Autobiography of mark twain volume 3: The autobiography concludes with a piece composed in December in which Twain expresses his sorrow over the death of his youngest daughter and states that, along with her, his incentive for writing the autobiography has perished. Further Study. CBS News. More summaries and resources for teaching or studying The Autobiography of Mark Twain.

The majority of the autobiography was dictated rather than written directly—this was described by a reviewer in as "[having] a secretary follow him around and take down his every passing thought".^[1] In a letter to William Dean Howells, Twain wrote, "I’ve struck it! And I will give it away—to you.

You will never know how much enjoyment you have lost until you get to dictating your autobiography."^[2] These dictations were made frequently in and Over the two subsequent years, Twain appeared to have neglected the book, scarcely adding new material; in , following the death of his youngest daughter, Jean Clemens, he proclaimed the project completed.

His experimental conception—to “talk only about the thing which interests you for the moment”—implied that his thoughts could wander freely. Twain surmised his autobiography would be most captivating if he deviated on whims and tangents in non-sequential order.^[3]

Twain's papers, including the autobiographical works, were left as part of a trust for the benefit of his surviving daughter, Clara Clemens.^[4] These papers passed through the control of a number of editors, and have been held by the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley since ^[4]

Plans for posthumous publication

Twain intended for the majority of the material to be published posthumously.

In an interview for The Times in , Twain was reported to be considering a work which would be unpublished for a century.^[5]

Twain wrote instructions for future "editors, heirs, and assigns" in , in which he outlined a century-long plan of publications 25 years apart from each other, with each subsequent release featuring progressively potentially-controversial material.

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Biography of mark twain

In addition to these instructions, Twain celebrated posthumous publication allowing him to speak with his "whole frank mind."^[6] In the introduction to the second edition of Mark Twain's Own Autobiography: The Chapters from the North American Review, however, scholar Michael Kiskis suggests that these delays were less due to Twain's purported concern for those who could be aggrieved by the text, and more likely an attempt to extend the .^[6]

Various modern reports refer to a " year embargo", imposed by Twain on his own autobiography's release, which expired in ^[7]

20th-century publications

Twain had published Chapters from My Autobiography in 25 installments in the North American Review from to ^[8][9] Since Twain’s death in , various editors have attempted to impose order on the entirety of the material by selection and reorganization, producing several different published versions of The Autobiography.

Constructing a publishable Autobiography from the disordered mass of Twain’s unpublished writings posed a significant challenge; in addition, access to the physical materials of Twain’s papers was restricted to limited numbers of scholars for the first half-century after Twain's death.^[4]

The partial Autobiography was published in by Harper & Brothers, consisting of approximately two-fifths of the material.

It was compiled by personal friend and literary executor Albert Bigelow Paine, who at the time had exclusive access to Twain's papers.^[4]

Editor and historian Bernard DeVoto succeeded Paine as literary executor for the Clemens estate, and used his access to the material to produce four book collections of Autobiography material: Mark Twain in Eruption (), The Portable Mark Twain (), Mark Twain at Work (), and Letters from the Earth ().

The much-delayed publication of the latter was due to objections from Clara Clemens.^[4]

Two publications were made from re-arrangements of previously published work. In , Charles Neider rejected both Paine's chronological-composition compilation and DeVoto's topic-organized compilation, re-arranging material to match the chronology of a standard autobiography.

In , scholar Michael Kiskis edited Mark Twain’s Own Autobiography: The Chapters from the North American Review.^[6]

Mark Twain Project edition

The Mark Twain Project of The Bancroft Library undertook to produce a complete autobiography of Twain, based upon material within their collection.

The stated goal is "to publish the complete text as nearly as possible in the way Mark Twain intended it to be published after his death.".^[10] This was published in three volumes between and , with the first installment being released on the th anniversary year of Twain's death.^[11][12][13] All three volumes feature introductions and historical annotation from the editors of the work.^[14] The head editor for this work was Harriet Elinor Smith.

The first of the three volumes in the edition comprises pages. Apart from the transcripts of his autobiographical dictations, Volume 1 also contains introductory material that elucidates the process of the autobiography's composition, in addition to primary documents such as Twain’s initial [incomplete] drafts.^[10] The dictations span a period of three months, from January 10 to March 13, in the year

The second volume, published in October , comprises pages and collects dictations spanning eleven months, from April 2, , to February 28, ^[15]

The Mark Twain Project edition’s third and final volume comprises pages, and was published in October It contains dictations spanning thirty-one months, from March 1, , to October 21, The autobiography concludes with a piece composed in December in which Twain expresses his sorrow over the death of his youngest daughter and states that, along with her, his incentive for writing the autobiography has perished.^[16]

The third volume is followed by the page “Ashcroft-Lyon Manuscript”, composed in , in which Twain accuses his secretary, Isabel Lyon, and business manager, Ralph Ashcroft, of purported embezzlement of money from the author and of interference with Twain’s relationship with his youngest daughter, causing her distress.^[17] It is written as a letter to William Dean Howells, although it was neither sent nor intended to be so.

It was not Twain’s intention to incorporate this as part of his autobiography, and it remained unpublished until —though it was accessible to scholars as part of his papers.^[17] The 21st-century editors deemed it sufficiently significant to include within the publication.^[17]

status

The edition, which reflects Twain’s attempts from and earlier, would have entered the public domain by under standard circumstances.

The Act of determined that unpublished works created before January 1, would have entered the public domain by ; nevertheless, the publishers, the Mark Twain Foundation and the University of California Press, surreptitiously published the edition on microfilm in , selling all three forthcoming volumes for $50, As a result, the edition carries marks for and , and will not enter the public domain until David Bollier criticized the Mark Twain Foundation and the University of California Press for this action, stating, "So is the argument that academic presses have a special entitlement to game the usual terms of law because they are doing God's work as academic presses?

industries frequently inveigh against the 'theft' of sharing ed works online, solemnly intoning that 'the law is the law.' So is a theft not a theft when the victim is the public, and not a private holder?"^[18]

References

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